1. Longevidad saludable, envejecimiento biológico y gerociencia
López-Otín, C., Blasco, M. A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Kroemer, G. Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe. Cell. 2023.
López-Otín, C., Blasco, M. A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Kroemer, G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013.
Kennedy, B. K., Berger, S. L., Brunet, A., Campisi, J., et al. Geroscience: Linking aging to chronic disease. Cell. 2014.
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World Health Organization. WHO Clinical Consortium on Healthy Ageing Report 2024. WHO. 2025.
Ferrucci, L., Gonzalez-Freire, M., Fabbri, E., et al. Measuring biological aging in humans: A quest. Aging Cell. 2020.
Sierra, F., & Kohanski, R. Geroscience and the trans-NIH Geroscience Interest Group. GeroScience. 2017.
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Keshavarz, M., Xie, K., Schaaf, K., et al. Targeting the hallmarks of aging to slow aging and treat age-related disease. Molecular Psychiatry. 2023.

2. Epigenética, relojes epigenéticos y edad biológica
Horvath, S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biology. 2013.
Hannum, G., Guinney, J., Zhao, L., et al. Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Molecular Cell. 2013.
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Lu, A. T., Quach, A., Wilson, J. G., et al. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging. 2019.
Belsky, D. W., Caspi, A., Corcoran, D. L., et al. DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging. eLife. 2022.
Warner, B., et al. A systematic review of phenotypic and epigenetic clocks. Aging. 2024.
Horvath, S., & Raj, K. DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2018.
Field, A. E., Robertson, N. A., Wang, T., et al. DNA methylation clocks in aging: categories, causes, and consequences. Molecular Cell. 2018.
Bell, C. G., Lowe, R., Adams, P. D., et al. DNA methylation aging clocks: challenges and recommendations. Genome Biology. 2019.
Chervova, O., et al. Epigenetic age acceleration and health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews. 2024.

3. Medicina regenerativa, células madre y traducción clínica responsable
International Society for Stem Cell Research. ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation. 2021.
Lovell-Badge, R., Anthony, E., Barker, R. A., et al. ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2021 update. Stem Cell Reports. 2021.
International Society for Stem Cell Research. ISSCR Guidelines Update Now Available in Spanish. 2026.
Ikonomou, L., et al. ISCT position paper: Evidence-based cell and gene therapies and opposition to marketing of unproven products. Cytotherapy. 2023.
FDA. Consumer Alert on Regenerative Medicine Products Including Stem Cells and Exosomes. FDA.
FDA. Patient and Consumer Warning about Potential Serious Risks of Harm Following Use of Unapproved Products from Human Cells or Tissues. FDA. 2026.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Stem Cell Therapies: Opportunities for Ensuring the Quality and Safety of Clinical Offerings. National Academies Press. 2020.
Marks, P. W., Witten, C. M., & Califf, R. M. Clarifying stem-cell therapy’s benefits and risks. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017.
Sipp, D., Robey, P. G., & Turner, L. Clear up this stem-cell mess. Nature. 2018.
Trounson, A., & McDonald, C. Stem cell therapies in clinical trials: Progress and challenges. Cell Stem Cell. 2015.

4. Exosomas y vesículas extracelulares
Welsh, J. A., Goberdhan, D. C. I., O’Driscoll, L., et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles — MISEV2023. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2024.
Théry, C., Witwer, K. W., Aikawa, E., et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 — MISEV2018. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2018.
International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Position Papers and Guidelines. ISEV.
Mizenko, R. R., et al. A critical systematic review of extracellular vesicle clinical trials. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2024.
Wang, Y., et al. Trends in mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and exosome clinical trials. Frontiers in Medicine. 2025.
Domaszewska-Szostek, A., et al. Effectiveness of extracellular vesicle application in skin regeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025.
Kalluri, R., & LeBleu, V. S. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science. 2020.
Yáñez-Mó, M., Siljander, P. R. M., Andreu, Z., et al. Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2015.
Lener, T., Gimona, M., Aigner, L., et al. Applying extracellular vesicles based therapeutics in clinical trials. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2015.
Witwer, K. W., et al. Defining mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles for therapeutic applications. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2019.

5. Nutrición regenerativa, nutrigenómica y nutrición personalizada
Ordovás, J. M., Ferguson, L. R., Tai, E. S., & Mathers, J. C. Personalised nutrition and health. BMJ. 2018.
Zeevi, D., Korem, T., Zmora, N., et al. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell. 2015.
Höchsmann, C., et al. The Personalized Nutrition Study — POINTS. Nature Communications. 2023.
Nourazarain, A., et al. Nutrigenomics meets multi-omics: integrating genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiome data. 2025.
Ramos-Lopez, O., et al. Guidance and position regarding precision nutrition and nutritional genomics. 2025.
Mozaffarian, D., et al. Food is medicine: actions to integrate food and nutrition into healthcare. BMJ. 2020.
Mathers, J. C. Nutrigenomics in the modern era. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2017.
Livingstone, K. M., et al. Personalized nutrition advice improves dietary intake: Findings from the Food4Me study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2016.
Celis-Morales, C., et al. Effect of personalized nutrition on health-related behaviour change. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2017.
Fallaize, R., et al. The application of nutritional genomics to clinical practice. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2020.

6. Microbiota, disbiosis y envejecimiento
Ghosh, T. S., Shanahan, F., & O’Toole, P. W. The gut microbiome as a modulator of healthy ageing. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2022.
Simbirtseva, K. Y., & O’Toole, P. W. Healthy and unhealthy aging and the human microbiome. Annual Review of Medicine. 2025.
Lynch, S. V., & Pedersen, O. The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016.
Cryan, J. F., O’Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiological Reviews. 2019.
Agus, A., Clément, K., & Sokol, H. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders. Gut. 2021.
Fan, Y., & Pedersen, O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2021.
Gilbert, J. A., Blaser, M. J., Caporaso, J. G., et al. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nature Medicine. 2018.
Valdes, A. M., Walter, J., Segal, E., & Spector, T. D. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ. 2018.
Wilmanski, T., et al. Gut microbiome pattern reflects healthy ageing and predicts survival in humans. Nature Metabolism. 2021.
Sonnenburg, J. L., & Bäckhed, F. Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism. Nature. 2016.

7. Sueño, estrés, carga alostática y longevidad
Irwin, M. R. Sleep and inflammation: partners in sickness and in health. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2019.
Ravyts, S. G., Dzierzewski, J. M., et al. Sleep and healthy aging: A systematic review and path forward. 2022.
Miao, Y., et al. Poor sleep health is associated with older brain age: the role of systemic inflammation. eBioMedicine. 2025.
Bragazzi, N. L., et al. The complex interplay between sleep and healthy aging. 2025.
McEwen, B. S., & Akil, H. Revisiting the stress concept: implications for affective disorders. Journal of Neuroscience. 2020.
Ma, J., et al. Effects of sleep on glymphatic functioning and memory. 2025.
Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 2013.
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease. Physiological Reviews. 2019.
Itani, O., Jike, M., Watanabe, N., & Kaneita, Y. Short sleep duration and health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine. 2017.
McEwen, B. S. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998.

8. Composición corporal, músculo, sarcopenia y salud ósea
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis — EWGSOP2. Age and Ageing. 2019.
Kirk, B., Cawthon, P. M., Arai, H., et al. The conceptual definition of sarcopenia: Delphi consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia. Age and Ageing. 2024.
Beaudart, C., et al. Health outcomes of sarcopenia: a consensus report by the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia. 2025.
Izquierdo, M., et al. Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for older adults. 2025.
Compston, J. E., McClung, M. R., & Leslie, W. D. Osteoporosis. The Lancet. 2019.
American College of Sports Medicine. Physical Activity Guidelines. ACSM.
Dent, E., Morley, J. E., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2018.
Cederholm, T., et al. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition. Clinical Nutrition. 2019.
Bauer, J., Biolo, G., Cederholm, T., et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2013.
Kanis, J. A., Cooper, C., Rizzoli, R., & Reginster, J. Y. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International. 2019.

9. Obesidad, grasa visceral, resistencia a la insulina y metabolismo
Rubino, F., et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025.
Wharton, S., Lau, D. C. W., Vallis, M., et al. Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. 2020.
Müller, T. D., Blüher, M., Tschöp, M. H., & DiMarchi, R. D. Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2022.
Scheja, L., & Heeren, J. The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2019.
Rosen, E. D., & Spiegelman, B. M. What we talk about when we talk about fat. Cell. 2014.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2025/2026.
Blüher, M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2019.
Longo, M., Zatterale, F., Naderi, J., et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction as determinant of obesity-associated metabolic complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019.
Drucker, D. J. GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Molecular Metabolism. 2022.
Heymsfield, S. B., & Wadden, T. A. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017.

10. Medicina hiperbárica, oxigenación y usos emergentes
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. Hyperbaric Medicine Indications Manual, 15th Edition. UHMS. 2024.
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. Clinical Practice Guidelines. UHMS.
Tanaka, H. L., et al. Emerging indications for hyperbaric oxygen treatment. 2024.
Thom, S. R. Hyperbaric oxygen: its mechanisms and efficacy. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2011.
Hadanny, A., & Efrati, S. The hyperoxic-hypoxic paradox. Biomolecules. 2020.
Bennett, M. H., & Mitchell, S. J. Emerging indications for hyperbaric oxygen. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. 2019.
Mathieu, D., Marroni, A., & Kot, J. Tenth European Consensus Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2017.
Weaver, L. K. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Indications. UHMS. 14th edition. 2019.
Efrati, S., et al. Hyperbaric oxygen induces late neuroplasticity in post stroke patients. PLoS ONE. 2013.
Hadanny, A., et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in healthy aging adults: a prospective clinical trial. Aging. 2020.

11. Fotobiomodulación, luz roja y láser de baja intensidad
Frankowski, D. W., et al. Light buckets and laser beams: mechanisms and applications of photobiomodulation. 2025.
Maghfour, J., et al. Photobiomodulation CME part I: Overview and mechanism of action. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2024.
Ferreira, L. M. A., et al. Photobiomodulation in chronic pain: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 2026.
de Freitas, L. F., & Hamblin, M. R. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. 2016.
Hamblin, M. R. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophysics. 2017.
Luitel, B., et al. Reviewing the efficiency of photobiomodulation therapy in oncological treatment practices. Frontiers in Oncology. 2024.
Hamblin, M. R. Photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy. Journal of Biophotonics. 2016.
Ferraresi, C., Hamblin, M. R., & Parizotto, N. A. Low-level laser therapy in exercise performance, muscle recovery and rehabilitation. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2012.
Dompe, C., Moncrieff, L., Matys, J., et al. Photobiomodulation—underlying mechanism and clinical applications. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020.
Liebert, A., Bicknell, B., Johnstone, D. M., et al. Photobiomics: Can light, including photobiomodulation, alter the microbiome? Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2019.

12. Nutrición regenerativa
Carr, A. C., & Maggini, S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients. 2017.
Lykkesfeldt, J., & Tveden-Nyborg, P. The pharmacokinetics of vitamin C. Nutrients. 2019.
Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., et al. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012.
Trammell, S. A. J., Schmidt, M. S., Weidemann, B. J., et al. Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans. Nature Communications. 2016.
Yoshino, J., Baur, J. A., & Imai, S. I. NAD+ intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metabolism. 2018.
Yoshino, M., Yoshino, J., Kayser, B. D., et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021.
Pizzorno, J. Glutathione! Integrative Medicine. 2014.
Conze, D., Brenner, C., & Kruger, C. L. Safety and metabolism of long-term administration of nicotinamide riboside chloride. Scientific Reports. 2019.
Martens, C. R., et al. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nature Communications. 2018.
National Institutes of Health. Vitamin C Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.
13. Salud cerebral, deterioro cognitivo, Alzheimer y neuroinflamación
Livingston, G., et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. The Lancet. 2024.
Livingston, G., et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. The Lancet. 2020.
Scheltens, P., De Strooper, B., Kivipelto, M., et al. Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet. 2021.
Jack, C. R., Bennett, D. A., Blennow, K., et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2018.
De Strooper, B., & Karran, E. The cellular phase of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell. 2016.
Heneka, M. T., Carson, M. J., El Khoury, J., et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet Neurology. 2015.
World Health Organization. Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia: WHO guidelines. WHO. 2019.
Frisoni, G. B., et al. The probabilistic model of Alzheimer disease. The Lancet Neurology. 2022.
Hampel, H., et al. The ATN framework and precision medicine in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2021.
Long, J. M., & Holtzman, D. M. Alzheimer disease: an update on pathobiology and treatment strategies. Cell. 2019.
14. Hormonas, endocrinología y envejecimiento
The North American Menopause Society. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement. Menopause. 2022.
Bhasin, S., Brito, J. P., Cunningham, G. R., et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2018.
Davies, M. J., Aroda, V. R., Collins, B. S., et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: ADA/EASD Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. 2022.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2025/2026.
Stuenkel, C. A., Davis, S. R., Gompel, A., et al. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015.
Garber, J. R., Cobin, R. H., Gharib, H., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults. Thyroid. 2012.
Grossmann, M., Matsumoto, A. M. A perspective on middle-aged and older men with functional hypogonadism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017.
Davis, S. R., et al. Global consensus position statement on the use of testosterone therapy for women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2019.
Rossouw, J. E., et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002.
Handelsman, D. J. Androgen physiology, pharmacology, use and misuse. Endocrine Reviews. 2021.

15. Piel, estética wellness y envejecimiento cutáneo
Krutmann, J., Bouloc, A., Sore, G., Bernard, B. A., & Passeron, T. The skin aging exposome. Journal of Dermatological Science. 2017.
Rittié, L., & Fisher, G. J. Natural and sun-induced aging of human skin. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2015.
Zouboulis, C. C., et al. Aesthetic aspects of skin aging, prevention, and local treatment. Clinical Dermatology. 2019.
Moutraji, R., et al. Skin aging exposome in skin of color populations. 2023.
Maghfour, J., et al. Photobiomodulation CME part I: Overview and mechanism of action. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2024.
Domaszewska-Szostek, A., et al. Extracellular vesicles and skin regeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025.
Fisher, G. J., et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Archives of Dermatology. 2002.
Quan, T., & Fisher, G. J. Role of age-associated alterations of the dermal extracellular matrix microenvironment in human skin aging. Gerontology. 2015.
Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2012.
Wang, A. S., & Dreesen, O. Biomarkers of cellular senescence and skin aging. Frontiers in Genetics. 2018.

16. Exposoma, tóxicos ambientales, metales pesados y salud
Wild, C. P. Complementing the genome with an exposome. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2005.
Vermeulen, R., Schymanski, E. L., Barabási, A. L., & Miller, G. W. The exposome and health: where chemistry meets biology. Science. 2020.
Hsu, C. Y., et al. Exposure science and the exposome in relation to metabolic syndrome. 2025.
Crépet, A., et al. Integration of the exposome concept into health risk assessment. Environmental Research. 2025.
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Research into totality of exposures — the exposome. NIEHS. 2024.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profiles. ATSDR/CDC.
Rappaport, S. M. Genetic factors are not the major causes of chronic diseases. PLoS ONE. 2016.
Miller, G. W., & Jones, D. P. The nature of nurture: refining the definition of the exposome. Toxicological Sciences. 2014.
World Health Organization. Air pollution and health. WHO.
World Health Organization. Lead poisoning and health. WHO.

17. Psiconeurofisiología, sistema nervioso autónomo y rendimiento
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000.
Thayer, J. F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., et al. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2012.
Shaffer, F., & Ginsberg, J. P. An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Frontiers in Public Health. 2017.
McEwen, B. S., & Akil, H. Revisiting the stress concept: implications for affective disorders. Journal of Neuroscience. 2020.
Juster, R. P., McEwen, B. S., & Lupien, S. J. Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010.
Porges, S. W. The polyvagal theory: neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. Norton. 2011.
Kim, H. G., Cheon, E. J., Bai, D. S., et al. Stress and heart rate variability: A meta-analysis and review. Psychiatry Investigation. 2018.
Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Thayer, J. F. Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017.
Lehrer, P., & Gevirtz, R. Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work? Frontiers in Psychology. 2014.
Chrousos, G. P. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2009.

18. Regulación, comunicación médica responsable y enfoque COFEPRIS-safe
Cámara de Diputados del H. Congreso de la Unión. Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en Materia de Publicidad. Última reforma DOF 08-09-2022.
COFEPRIS. Aviso de Publicidad. Gobierno de México.
COFEPRIS. Autorización Publicitaria. Gobierno de México.
FDA. Consumer Alert on Regenerative Medicine Products Including Stem Cells and Exosomes. FDA.
FDA. Patient and Consumer Warning about Potential Serious Risks of Harm Following Use of Unapproved Products from Human Cells or Tissues. FDA. 2026.
ISSCR. Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation. 2021.
World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. WMA.
International Council for Harmonisation. ICH E6(R3) Good Clinical Practice Guideline. ICH.
World Health Organization. Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health. WHO. 2021.
International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy. Position statements on unproven cellular therapies and responsible clinical translation. ISCT.

19. Salud sexual masculina, envejecimiento saludable y medicina regenerativa

European Association of Urology. EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health. Edición 2026. European Association of Urology.
Guía clínica sobre disfunción eréctil, hipogonadismo, alteraciones de la eyaculación y otras condiciones de la salud sexual masculina.
European Association of Urology. Management of Erectile Dysfunction. En: EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health. European Association of Urology; 2026.
Recomendaciones sobre evaluación, factores cardiovasculares, opciones terapéuticas y procedimientos emergentes para la disfunción eréctil.
European Association of Urology. Male Hypogonadism. En: EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health. European Association of Urology; 2026.
Información sobre diagnóstico, evaluación hormonal, manifestaciones clínicas y tratamiento del hipogonadismo masculino.
World Health Organization. Healthy ageing and functional ability. World Health Organization.
Marco conceptual sobre envejecimiento saludable, capacidad funcional, bienestar y conservación de la autonomía.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Important Patient and Consumer Information About Regenerative Medicine Therapies. FDA; 2021.
Información sobre el estado regulatorio, las limitaciones de evidencia y los posibles riesgos de productos comercializados como medicina regenerativa.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Consumer Alert on Regenerative Medicine Products Including Stem Cells and Exosomes. FDA; 2020.
Advertencia dirigida a pacientes sobre productos celulares, células madre y exosomas no autorizados para múltiples indicaciones clínicas.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Public Safety Notification on Exosome Products. FDA; 2019.
Información regulatoria sobre productos derivados de exosomas y la necesidad de evaluación y autorización previa a su comercialización con fines terapéuticos.

20. Salud sexual femenina, envejecimiento saludable y medicina regenerativa

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Vulvovaginal Health. ACOG; actualización 2025.
Información sobre salud vulvovaginal, síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia, sequedad, dolor y otros cambios relacionados con el envejecimiento.
The Menopause Society. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. The Menopause Society; 2025.
Revisión dirigida a pacientes sobre los síntomas vaginales, vulvares, sexuales y urinarios asociados con el síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia.
The Menopause Society. 2020 Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause Position Statement. Menopause. 2020.
Documento de posición sobre diagnóstico y alternativas de manejo del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Menopause. ACOG.
Compendio de recomendaciones clínicas y recursos sobre transición menopáusica, terapia hormonal, salud ósea y síntomas genitourinarios.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Elective Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery. Committee Opinion No. 795. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2020.
Posicionamiento sobre procedimientos genitales cosméticos y dispositivos de energía promocionados para “rejuvenecimiento vaginal”.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Vaginal Laser Therapy: What Is It? ACOG.
Información para pacientes sobre la evidencia y las limitaciones regulatorias de los dispositivos vaginales basados en energía.
Parish SJ, Simon JA, Davis SR, et al. International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Systemic Testosterone for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women. Journal of Women’s Health. 2021;30(4):474–491.
Guía especializada sobre evaluación y tratamiento del trastorno del deseo sexual hipoactivo en mujeres.
International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health. Process of Care for the Identification of Sexual Concerns and Problems in Women. Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
Modelo de evaluación integral de la salud sexual femenina desde una perspectiva clínica y biopsicosocial.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Important Patient and Consumer Information About Regenerative Medicine Therapies. FDA; 2021.
Información sobre seguridad, regulación y límites actuales de las terapias celulares, exosomas y otros productos regenerativos.

21. Masa muscular, rendimiento funcional y envejecimiento saludable

Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis. Age and Ageing. 2019;48(1):16–31. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169.
Consenso EWGSOP2 sobre definición, detección, diagnóstico y clasificación de la sarcopenia.
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis—Correction. Age and Ageing. 2019;48(4):601. doi:10.1093/ageing/afz046.
World Health Organization. Healthy ageing and functional ability. World Health Organization.
Define el envejecimiento saludable a partir de la capacidad funcional y no solamente de la ausencia de enfermedades.
World Health Organization. Improving Understanding, Measurement and Monitoring of Healthy Ageing. World Health Organization.
Marco para evaluar capacidad intrínseca, desempeño funcional y bienestar durante el envejecimiento.
World Health Organization. Decade of Healthy Ageing: Baseline Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
Informe internacional sobre capacidad funcional, entornos saludables y necesidades de las personas mayores.
National Institute on Aging. How Can Strength Training Build Healthier Bodies as We Age? National Institutes of Health.
Recurso sobre entrenamiento de fuerza, conservación muscular, movilidad, equilibrio e independencia durante el envejecimiento.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Adults. CDC.
Recomendaciones de actividad aeróbica, fortalecimiento muscular y ejercicios de equilibrio para adultos mayores.
World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
Recomendaciones internacionales sobre actividad física, fortalecimiento muscular y reducción del sedentarismo.

22. Sueño, recuperación y longevidad saludable

National Institute on Aging. Sleep and Older Adults. National Institutes of Health; actualización 2024.
Información sobre cambios del sueño con la edad, insomnio, apnea, hábitos saludables y señales que requieren valoración médica.
Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep. 2015;38(6):843–844. doi:10.5665/sleep.4716.
Consenso que recomienda que los adultos duerman regularmente siete horas o más para favorecer una salud óptima.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Adult Sleep Duration Health Advisory. AASM.
Recomendación institucional sobre duración del sueño, alerta diurna, productividad y salud general.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM, et al. Life’s Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association’s Construct of Cardiovascular Health. Circulation. 2022;146(5)–e43.
Documento que incorpora el sueño como uno de los ocho componentes esenciales de la salud cardiovascular.
American Heart Association. Multidimensional Sleep Health: Definitions and Implications for Cardiometabolic Health. Scientific Statement. 2025.
Revisión sobre duración, regularidad, continuidad, satisfacción y funcionamiento diurno como dimensiones de un sueño saludable.
American Heart Association. Healthy Sleep—Life’s Essential 8 Behavior. American Heart Association; 2025.
Recurso sobre la relación entre sueño, presión arterial, metabolismo, peso corporal y salud cardiovascular.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Why Is Sleep Important? National Institutes of Health.
Información sobre la participación del sueño en la salud cerebral, inmunológica, cardiovascular, metabólica y emocional.
National Institute on Aging. Six Healthy Sleep Habits for Older Adults. National Institutes of Health; 2025.
Recomendaciones prácticas sobre regularidad, actividad física, cafeína, alcohol y condiciones ambientales para favorecer el descanso.
American Heart Association. Sleep Matters: Duration, Timing, Quality and Other Dimensions May Affect Cardiovascular Disease Risk. 2025.
Síntesis de evidencia sobre la relación entre las diferentes dimensiones del sueño y la salud cardiometabólica.

23. Salud ósea y envejecimiento saludable

LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al. The Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International. 2022;33(10):2049–2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-y.
Guía clínica de la Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation sobre prevención, evaluación del riesgo de fractura, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la osteoporosis.
National Osteoporosis Guideline Group. Clinical Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. NOGG; actualización 2024.
Guía integral sobre evaluación del riesgo de fractura, diagnóstico, prevención no farmacológica y tratamiento de la osteoporosis en mujeres posmenopáusicas y hombres mayores de 50 años.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. 2025.
Recomendaciones actualizadas sobre tamizaje mediante densitometría y evaluación clínica del riesgo de osteoporosis y fracturas.
Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, Cheung AM, Murad MH, Shoback D. Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2019;104(5):1595–1622. doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00221.
Guía sobre valoración del riesgo y tratamiento farmacológico de la osteoporosis en mujeres posmenopáusicas.
Shoback D, Rosen CJ, Black DM, Cheung AM, Murad MH, Eastell R. Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Endocrine Society Guideline Update. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;105(3):dgaa048. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa048.
Actualización que incorpora recomendaciones para pacientes con riesgo muy elevado de fractura y el uso de tratamientos osteoformadores seleccionados.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Osteoporosis: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Steps to Take. National Institutes of Health.
Información institucional sobre diagnóstico, densitometría, factores de riesgo, prevención de caídas, ejercicio, nutrición y tratamientos para la osteoporosis.
World Health Organization. Healthy Ageing and Functional Ability. World Health Organization.
Marco conceptual que define el envejecimiento saludable a partir de la conservación de la capacidad funcional, la movilidad, la autonomía y el bienestar.
World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
Recomendaciones internacionales sobre actividad física, fortalecimiento muscular, equilibrio y reducción del sedentarismo en adultos y personas mayores.
Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporosis Prevention. Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation.
Recurso sobre construcción y conservación de la masa ósea, alimentación, actividad física, calcio, vitamina D y prevención de fracturas a lo largo de la vida.
National Osteoporosis Guideline Group. Non-pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis. En: NOGG Clinical Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Actualización 2024.
Recomendaciones sobre ejercicio, alimentación, aporte de calcio y vitamina D, prevención de caídas, tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol.